Authors: Isabella C. Richmond1*, Kayleigh Hutt-Taylor1,2, Lauren Bianco1, Antonia Vieira Zanella3, François Bérubé4, Paola Faddoul4, Kelly Vu4, Étienne Perreault-Mandeville5, Patrick Boivin6, Danielle Dagenais6, Nathalie Boucher5, Thi Thanh Hiên Pham4, Carly D. Ziter1

1 Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal Canada, H4B 1R6

2 Tree Canada

3 Department of Geography, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná Brazil,

4 Département d’études urbaines et touristiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal Canada,

5 Organisme Respire

6 École d’urbanisme et d’architecture de paysage, Université de Montréal, Montreal Canada

* isabella.richmond@mail.concordia.ca

Tables

Table S1. Site characteristics. Infrastructure ID is the unique ID assigned to each individual site, where CON indicates a grey alley, RV indicates a green alley, and SS indicates a street segment. Parallel street names one of the parallel streets to each alley, and for street segments it indicates the street segment that was sampled for each alley. City is where the sampling occurred, VSMPE = Villeray-Saint Michel-Parc Extension and TR = Trois-Rivières. Infrastructure type indicates the site type, with three potential options, green alley, grey alley, and street segment. Percent canopy indicates the percent canopy of the site in decimal form. Firefly presence is a binomial variable, where 1 indicates that fireflies were found, 0 indicates no fireflies were found, and a blank indicates that the site was not sampled for fireflies. Number of points is the number of points where vegetative complexity was sampled (i.e., number of 10 m intervals).

Infrastructure ID

Parallel Street

City

Infrastructure Type

Percent Canopy

Firefly Presence

Number of Points

CON-SS-TR-10

Ste Angèle

TR

street segment

0.39

17

CON-SS-VSMPE-1

d'Outremont

VSMPE

street segment

0.06

0

15

CON-SS-VSMPE-2

d'Outremont

VSMPE

street segment

0.35

31

CON-SS-VSMPE-3

de l'Epée

VSMPE

street segment

0.53

25

CON-SS-VSMPE-4

51e

VSMPE

street segment

0.12

0

9

CON-SS-VSMPE-5

9e

VSMPE

street segment

0.41

52

CON-SS-VSMPE-6

2e

VSMPE

street segment

0.61

21

CON-SS-VSMPE-7

Casgrain

VSMPE

street segment

0.54

0

17

CON-SS-VSMPE-8

Chambord

VSMPE

street segment

0.65

1

15

CON-SS-VSMPE-9

de Chateaubriand

VSMPE

street segment

0.61

17

CON-TR-10

Ste Angèle

TR

grey alley

0.12

21

CON-VSMPE-1

d'Outremont

VSMPE

grey alley

0.10

0

20

CON-VSMPE-2

d'Outremont

VSMPE

grey alley

0.39

37

CON-VSMPE-3

de l'Epée

VSMPE

grey alley

0.38

26

CON-VSMPE-5

9e

VSMPE

grey alley

0.08

47

CON-VSMPE-6

2e

VSMPE

grey alley

0.60

24

CON-VSMPE-7

Casgrain

VSMPE

grey alley

0.90

0

21

CON-VSMPE-9

de Chateaubriand

VSMPE

grey alley

0.54

17

RV-SS-TR-11

Gingras

TR

green alley

0.37

6

RV-TR-10

St Paul

TR

green alley

0.13

21

RV-VSMPE-10

Durocher

VSMPE

green alley

0.25

0

28

RV-VSMPE-11

2e

VSMPE

green alley

0.07

24

RV-VSMPE-12

Louis-Hébert

VSMPE

green alley

0.19

28

RV-VSMPE-13

13e

VSMPE

green alley

0.21

0

23

RV-VSMPE-14

1re

VSMPE

green alley

0.17

6

RV-VSMPE-15

6e

VSMPE

green alley

0.21

25

RV-VSMPE-16

9e

VSMPE

green alley

0.31

0

27

RV-VSMPE-17

2e

VSMPE

green alley

0.15

26

RV-VSMPE-18

47e

VSMPE

green alley

0.38

9

RV-VSMPE-19

Bressani

VSMPE

green alley

0.31

35

RV-VSMPE-2

Durocher

VSMPE

green alley

0.04

1

26

RV-VSMPE-20

48e

VSMPE

green alley

0.11

0

9

RV-VSMPE-21

44e

VSMPE

green alley

0.30

0

11

RV-VSMPE-22

des Belges

VSMPE

green alley

0.40

0

18

RV-VSMPE-23

Drolet

VSMPE

green alley

0.24

0

25

RV-VSMPE-24

Papineau

VSMPE

green alley

0.24

31

RV-VSMPE-25

St Andre

VSMPE

green alley

0.30

0

17

RV-VSMPE-26

Boyer

VSMPE

green alley

0.50

0

25

RV-VSMPE-28

Drolet

VSMPE

green alley

0.11

30

RV-VSMPE-29

de Lorimier

VSMPE

green alley

0.40

1

26

RV-VSMPE-3

de l'Epée

VSMPE

green alley

0.32

1

16

RV-VSMPE-30

St Andre

VSMPE

green alley

0.04

0

13

RV-VSMPE-31

de Chateaubriand

VSMPE

green alley

0.04

0

10

RV-VSMPE-32

de Normanville

VSMPE

green alley

0.13

0

25

RV-VSMPE-33

Drolet

VSMPE

green alley

0.10

24

RV-VSMPE-34

Casgrain

VSMPE

green alley

0.06

26

RV-VSMPE-36

de Gaspé

VSMPE

green alley

0.19

0

25

RV-VSMPE-37

Casgrain

VSMPE

green alley

0.35

7

RV-VSMPE-38

Chabot

VSMPE

green alley

0.35

25

RV-VSMPE-39

Henri-Julien

VSMPE

green alley

0.31

0

21

RV-VSMPE-4

Stuart

VSMPE

green alley

0.35

34

RV-VSMPE-40

des Belges

VSMPE

green alley

0.12

0

25

RV-VSMPE-6

de l'Epée

VSMPE

green alley

0.10

1

33

RV-VSMPE-7

d'Outremont

VSMPE

green alley

0.18

29

RV-VSMPE-8

Durocher

VSMPE

green alley

0.10

0

32

RV-VSMPE-9

Bloomfield

VSMPE

green alley

0.06

1

35

SS-VSMPE-1

de l'Epée

VSMPE

street segment

0.70

24

SS-VSMPE-10

Durocher

VSMPE

street segment

0.19

0

23

SS-VSMPE-11

2e

VSMPE

street segment

0.42

20

SS-VSMPE-12

Louis-Hébert

VSMPE

street segment

0.59

20

SS-VSMPE-13

13e

VSMPE

street segment

0.16

0

14

SS-VSMPE-14

1re

VSMPE

street segment

0.62

6

SS-VSMPE-15

6e

VSMPE

street segment

0.49

26

SS-VSMPE-16

9e

VSMPE

street segment

0.10

0

27

SS-VSMPE-18

47e

VSMPE

street segment

0.34

17

SS-VSMPE-19

Bressani

VSMPE

street segment

0.39

33

SS-VSMPE-2

Durocher

VSMPE

street segment

0.16

0

26

SS-VSMPE-20

48e

VSMPE

street segment

0.01

1

9

SS-VSMPE-22

des Belges

VSMPE

street segment

0.66

0

18

SS-VSMPE-23

Drolet

VSMPE

street segment

0.58

0

25

SS-VSMPE-24

Papineau

VSMPE

street segment

0.53

26

SS-VSMPE-25

St Andre

VSMPE

street segment

0.48

0

18

SS-VSMPE-26

Boyer

VSMPE

street segment

0.59

0

21

SS-VSMPE-27

Saint Dominique

VSMPE

street segment

0.36

23

SS-VSMPE-28

Drolet

VSMPE

street segment

0.55

27

SS-VSMPE-29

de Lorimier

VSMPE

street segment

0.22

0

20

SS-VSMPE-3

de l'Epée

VSMPE

street segment

0.30

0

14

SS-VSMPE-30

St Andre

VSMPE

street segment

0.63

1

18

SS-VSMPE-31

de Chateaubriand

VSMPE

street segment

0.62

0

7

SS-VSMPE-32

de Normanville

VSMPE

street segment

0.86

0

16

SS-VSMPE-33

Drolet

VSMPE

street segment

0.57

22

SS-VSMPE-34

Casgrain

VSMPE

street segment

0.63

25

SS-VSMPE-35

de Gaspé

VSMPE

street segment

0.43

1

8

SS-VSMPE-36

de Gaspé

VSMPE

street segment

0.74

0

25

SS-VSMPE-37

Casgrain

VSMPE

street segment

0.66

7

SS-VSMPE-38

Chabot

VSMPE

street segment

0.56

26

SS-VSMPE-39

Henri-Julien

VSMPE

street segment

0.51

0

21

SS-VSMPE-4

Stuart

VSMPE

street segment

0.31

31

SS-VSMPE-40

des Belges

VSMPE

street segment

0.55

0

22

SS-VSMPE-5

Hutchison

VSMPE

street segment

0.19

31

SS-VSMPE-6

de l'Epée

VSMPE

street segment

0.31

0

30

SS-VSMPE-7

d'Outremont

VSMPE

street segment

0.03

26

SS-VSMPE-8

Durocher

VSMPE

street segment

0.19

0

31

SS-VSMPE-9

Bloomfield

VSMPE

street segment

0.33

0

28

CON-TR-1

Saint-Louis

TR

grey alley

0.06

7

CON-TR-11

Ste Angèle

TR

grey alley

0.10

9

CON-TR-12

Williams

TR

grey alley

0.16

8

CON-TR-13

Amherst

TR

grey alley

0.18

4

CON-TR-2

Saint-Louis

TR

grey alley

0.30

7

CON-TR-3

Dumoulin

TR

grey alley

0.15

26

CON-TR-4

Gingras

TR

grey alley

0.85

10

CON-TR-5

Cloutier

TR

grey alley

0.11

16

CON-TR-6

Jutras

TR

grey alley

0.08

14

CON-TR-7

Jutras

TR

grey alley

0.17

14

CON-TR-8

Honoré Mercier

TR

grey alley

0.16

13

CON-TR-9

Montcalm

TR

grey alley

0.13

12

CON-VSMPE-10

Henri-Julien

VSMPE

grey alley

0.26

1

25

CON-VSMPE-4

51e

VSMPE

grey alley

0.22

0

9

CON-VSMPE-8

Chambord

VSMPE

grey alley

0.07

0

15

RV-TR-1

Avenue 4

TR

green alley

0.50

18

RV-TR-11

Gingras

TR

green alley

0.04

6

RV-TR-12

Williams

TR

green alley

0.13

11

RV-TR-13

Wolfe

TR

green alley

0.11

9

RV-TR-2

Avenue 5

TR

green alley

0.29

18

RV-TR-3

Amherst

TR

green alley

0.04

6

RV-TR-4

Honoré Mercier

TR

green alley

0.21

10

RV-TR-5

Brébeuf

TR

green alley

0.24

17

RV-TR-6

Godbout

TR

green alley

0.06

11

RV-TR-7

Godbout

TR

green alley

0.15

12

RV-TR-8

Mgr Cooke

TR

green alley

0.03

16

RV-TR-9

Ste Cécile

TR

green alley

0.05

10

RV-VSMPE-1

de l'Epée

VSMPE

green alley

0.21

32

RV-VSMPE-27

Saint Dominique

VSMPE

green alley

0.43

15

RV-VSMPE-35

de Gaspé

VSMPE

green alley

0.17

1

7

RV-VSMPE-5

Hutchison

VSMPE

green alley

0.22

41

CON-SS-TR-1

Saint-Louis

TR

street segment

0.46

7

CON-SS-TR-11

Ste Angèle

TR

street segment

0.10

9

CON-SS-TR-12

Williams

TR

street segment

0.03

9

CON-SS-TR-13

Amherst

TR

street segment

0.01

8

CON-SS-TR-2

Saint-Louis

TR

street segment

0.29

6

CON-SS-TR-3

Dumoulin

TR

street segment

0.10

17

CON-SS-TR-4

Gingras

TR

street segment

0.00

11

CON-SS-TR-5

Cloutier

TR

street segment

0.00

12

CON-SS-TR-6

Jutras

TR

street segment

0.03

14

CON-SS-TR-7

Jutras

TR

street segment

0.00

18

CON-SS-TR-8

Honoré Mercier

TR

street segment

0.08

12

CON-SS-TR-9

Montcalm

TR

street segment

0.00

15

CON-SS-VSMPE-10

Henri-Julien

VSMPE

street segment

0.50

1

25

RV-SS-TR-1

Avenue 4

TR

green alley

0.42

14

RV-SS-TR-10

St Paul

TR

green alley

0.32

14

RV-SS-TR-12

Williams

TR

green alley

0.00

9

RV-SS-TR-13

Wolfe

TR

green alley

0.20

9

RV-SS-TR-2

Avenue 5

TR

green alley

0.34

14

RV-SS-TR-3

Amherst

TR

green alley

0.63

6

RV-SS-TR-4

Honoré Mercier

TR

green alley

0.00

12

RV-SS-TR-5

Brébeuf

TR

green alley

0.33

16

RV-SS-TR-6

Godbout

TR

green alley

0.06

12

RV-SS-TR-7

Godbout

TR

green alley

0.02

13

RV-SS-TR-8

Mgr Cooke

TR

green alley

0.46

12

RV-SS-TR-9

Ste Cécile

TR

green alley

0.00

11

SS-VSMPE-17

2e

VSMPE

street segment

0.01

24

SS-VSMPE-21

44e

VSMPE

street segment

0.00

0

9

Table S2. Tree species characteristics for species found in this study. Species represents binomial nomenclature for the species, max height represents the maximum height (in metres) for the species, flowers indicate if the species has showy or non-showy flowers when in bloom, native is a binomial category that indicates if the species is native to the St Lawrence Lowlands ecoregion (1 = yes, 0 = no), invasive is a binomial category that indicates if the species is invasive to the region (1 = yes, 0 = no), functional group represents the functional group assigned by Paquette et al. for that species (Paquette et al., 2021, Praise for diversity: A functional approach to reduce risks in urban forests). Blank cells indicate that we could not find the information for that species.

Species

Max Height (m)

Flowers

Native_SLL

Invasive

Functional Group

Abies concolor

15.2

not showy

0

0

1A

Acer freemanii

15.0

not showy

1

0

2A

Acer miyabei

13.5

not showy

0

0

2A

Acer negundo

12.0

not showy

0

0

2C

Acer nigrum

22.9

not showy

0

0

2C

Acer platanoides

13.5

not showy

0

1

2C

Acer platanoides 'Columnare'

18.2

not showy

0

1

2C

Acer rubrum

15.0

showy

1

0

2A

Acer saccharinum

18.0

not showy

1

0

2A

Acer saccharum

20.5

not showy

1

0

2A

Acer tataricum

5.5

not showy

0

0

Aesculus glabra

9.0

showy

0

0

3

Aesculus hippocastanum

19.0

showy

0

0

3

Amelanchier arborea

6.5

showy

1

0

2A

Catalpa speciosa

15.0

showy

0

0

4A

Celtis occidentalis

15.0

not showy

1

0

2C

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

15.0

not showy

0

0

4B

Dead sp.

Fagus grandifolia

18.0

not showy

1

0

2A

Fraxinus americana

19.5

not showy

1

0

2A

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

16.5

not showy

1

0

2A

Ginkgo biloba

19.5

not showy

0

0

1A

Gleditsia triacanthos

15.0

not showy

0

0

2A

Gymnocladus dioicus

20.5

not showy

0

0

3

Juglans cinerea

15.0

not showy

1

0

2C

Larix decidua

22.0

not showy

0

0

1B

Larix sp.

22.0

not showy

0

0

1B

Lonicera sp.

3.4

showy

0

0

Maackia amurensis

7.5

showy

0

0

2A

Magnolia sp.

7.6

showy

0

0

2C

Malus baccata

8.5

showy

0

0

2

Morus alba

12.0

not showy

0

1

4A

Ostrya virginiana

10.0

showy

1

0

2A

Phellodendron amurense

11.5

not showy

0

1

2C

Picea abies

15.0

not showy

0

0

1B

Picea glauca

15.0

not showy

1

0

1B

Picea pungens

13.5

not showy

0

0

1B

Pinus resinosa

19.5

not showy

1

0

1B

Pinus strobus

19.5

not showy

1

0

1B

Populus canadensis

40.0

not showy

0

0

4A

Populus deltoides

26.5

not showy

1

0

4A

Populus grandidentata

21.3

not showy

1

0

4B

Prunus cerasus

9.0

showy

0

0

3

Prunus pensylvanica

10.7

showy

1

0

4A

Prunus virginiana

8.5

showy

1

0

4A

Pyrus domestica

8.3

showy

0

0

2B

Quercus alba

19.5

not showy

1

0

3

Quercus bicolor

16.5

not showy

1

0

3

Quercus macrocarpa

22.5

not showy

1

0

3

Quercus robur 'Fastiagata'

16.8

not showy

0

0

3

Quercus rubra

20.5

not showy

1

0

3

Rhamnus catharticus

6.5

not showy

0

1

Rhus typhina

6.5

not showy

1

0

Robinia pseudoacacia

12.0

showy

0

1

2A

Rosa woodsii

2.0

showy

0

0

Salix discolor

2.9

showy

1

0

Saraca indica

10.0

showy

0

0

Sorbus alnifolia

15.2

showy

0

0

2B

Sorbus aucuparia

9.0

showy

0

0

2A

Syringa reticulata

7.5

showy

0

0

4A

Syringa vulgaris

3.5

showy

0

0

Thuja occidentalis

15.0

not showy

1

0

1B

Tilia americana

21.0

showy

1

0

2C

Tilia cordata

19.5

showy

0

0

2C

Ulmus

24.1

not showy

Ulmus 'Homestead'

18.2

not showy

0

0

Ulmus 'Morton Glossy'

18.0

not showy

0

0

Ulmus 'New Horizon'

18.0

not showy

0

0

Ulmus americana

21.0

not showy

1

0

2A

Ulmus crassifolia

21.3

not showy

0

0

Ulmus davidiana 'Discovery'

24.3

not showy

0

0

4A

Ulmus davidiana 'Prospector'

24.3

not showy

0

0

4A

Ulmus frontier

12.2

not showy

0

0

Ulmus hollandica

18.2

not showy

0

0

Ulmus parvifolia

13.7

not showy

0

0

2A

Ulmus pumila

18.0

not showy

0

1

4A

Unknown sp.

Table S3. Interview data

Figures

Figure S1a. DAGs that indicate the system assumptions for ecological benefits measured in this study. Blue indicates the response variable of interest, green indicates the variable of interest and all variables adjusted for.

Figure S1b. DAGs that indicate the system assumptions for ecosystem services measured in this study. Blue indicates the response variable of interest, green indicates the variable of interest and all variables adjusted for.

Figure S2. Mathstats notation for my models

Prior Predictive Checks

Prior predictive checks are used to ensure that the values selected for priors for our models allow a biologically reasonable range of values. For numeric predictor variables, we simulate predictive draws for prior only models and visualize the slope/intercept of the values. We then do a “posterior predictive check” but with the prior only model, to see if the data is captured in the priors. Note that all data is scaled and centered in these data.

For Trois-Rivieres, there is only a categorical predictor variable. Therefore, only the posterior predictive check is presented.

Villeray-Saint Michel-Parc Extension

Trois-Rivieres

Model Diagnostics

These model diagnostic plots assess whether the chains of our models are converged and well mixed, and if the model is well specified and has an adequate fit.

The first plot of the series shows trace plots for each of our parameters, where we want to see stationary and well-mixed chains. The second plot shows an autocorrelation plot by chain and parameter. We want our autocorrelation to quickly drop to zero with increasing lag. Thirdly, the Rhat plot monitors whether a chain has converged to the equilibrium distribution, if all chains are at equilibrium Rhat will be one. If chains have not converged, Rhat will be greater than 1. The fourth plot is the ratio between effective sample size (Neff) and total sample size (N).Because the draws within a Markov chain are not independent if there is autocorrelation, the effective sample size, neff, is usually smaller than the total sample size, N. The larger the ratio, the better. Finally, we have the posterior predictive check where we want the black line to be within/close to the blue lines, to indicate that our model is adequately generative.

Villeray-Saint Michel-Parc Extension

Trois-Rivieres