Supplementary Information - Paper Title

Authors: Isabella C. Richmond¹*, Kayleigh Hutt-Taylor^1,2, Lauren Bianco¹, Antonia Vieira Zanella³, François Bérubé⁴, Paola Faddoul⁴, Kelly Vu⁴, Étienne Perreault-Mandeville⁵, Patrick Boivin⁶, Danielle Dagenais⁶, Nathalie Boucher⁵, Thi Thanh Hiên Pham⁴, Carly D. Ziter¹

1 Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal Canada, H4B 1R6

2 Tree Canada

3 Department of Geography, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná Brazil,

4 Département d’études urbaines et touristiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal Canada,

5 Organisme Respire

6 École d’urbanisme et d’architecture de paysage, Université de Montréal, Montreal Canada

* isabella.richmond@mail.concordia.ca

Tables

Table S1. Site characteristics. Infrastructure ID is the unique ID assigned to each individual site, where CON indicates a grey alley, RV indicates a green alley, and SS indicates a street segment. Parallel street names one of the parallel streets to each alley, and for street segments it indicates the street segment that was sampled for each alley. City is where the sampling occurred, VSMPE = Villeray-Saint Michel-Parc Extension and TR = Trois-Rivières. Infrastructure type indicates the site type, with three potential options, green alley, grey alley, and street segment. Percent canopy indicates the percent canopy of the site in decimal form. Firefly presence is a binomial variable, where 1 indicates that fireflies were found, 0 indicates no fireflies were found, and a blank indicates that the site was not sampled for fireflies. Number of points is the number of points where vegetative complexity was sampled (i.e., number of 10 m intervals).

Infrastructure ID	Parallel Street	City	Infrastructure Type	Percent Canopy	Firefly Presence	Number of Points
CON-SS-TR-10	Ste Angèle	TR	street segment	0.39		17
CON-SS-VSMPE-1	d'Outremont	VSMPE	street segment	0.06	0	15
CON-SS-VSMPE-2	d'Outremont	VSMPE	street segment	0.35		31
CON-SS-VSMPE-3	de l'Epée	VSMPE	street segment	0.53		25
CON-SS-VSMPE-4	51e	VSMPE	street segment	0.12	0	9
CON-SS-VSMPE-5	9e	VSMPE	street segment	0.41		52
CON-SS-VSMPE-6	2e	VSMPE	street segment	0.61		21
CON-SS-VSMPE-7	Casgrain	VSMPE	street segment	0.54	0	17
CON-SS-VSMPE-8	Chambord	VSMPE	street segment	0.65	1	15
CON-SS-VSMPE-9	de Chateaubriand	VSMPE	street segment	0.61		17
CON-TR-10	Ste Angèle	TR	grey alley	0.12		21
CON-VSMPE-1	d'Outremont	VSMPE	grey alley	0.10	0	20
CON-VSMPE-2	d'Outremont	VSMPE	grey alley	0.39		37
CON-VSMPE-3	de l'Epée	VSMPE	grey alley	0.38		26
CON-VSMPE-5	9e	VSMPE	grey alley	0.08		47
CON-VSMPE-6	2e	VSMPE	grey alley	0.60		24
CON-VSMPE-7	Casgrain	VSMPE	grey alley	0.90	0	21
CON-VSMPE-9	de Chateaubriand	VSMPE	grey alley	0.54		17
RV-SS-TR-11	Gingras	TR	green alley	0.37		6
RV-TR-10	St Paul	TR	green alley	0.13		21
RV-VSMPE-10	Durocher	VSMPE	green alley	0.25	0	28
RV-VSMPE-11	2e	VSMPE	green alley	0.07		24
RV-VSMPE-12	Louis-Hébert	VSMPE	green alley	0.19		28
RV-VSMPE-13	13e	VSMPE	green alley	0.21	0	23
RV-VSMPE-14	1re	VSMPE	green alley	0.17		6
RV-VSMPE-15	6e	VSMPE	green alley	0.21		25
RV-VSMPE-16	9e	VSMPE	green alley	0.31	0	27
RV-VSMPE-17	2e	VSMPE	green alley	0.15		26
RV-VSMPE-18	47e	VSMPE	green alley	0.38		9
RV-VSMPE-19	Bressani	VSMPE	green alley	0.31		35
RV-VSMPE-2	Durocher	VSMPE	green alley	0.04	1	26
RV-VSMPE-20	48e	VSMPE	green alley	0.11	0	9
RV-VSMPE-21	44e	VSMPE	green alley	0.30	0	11
RV-VSMPE-22	des Belges	VSMPE	green alley	0.40	0	18
RV-VSMPE-23	Drolet	VSMPE	green alley	0.24	0	25
RV-VSMPE-24	Papineau	VSMPE	green alley	0.24		31
RV-VSMPE-25	St Andre	VSMPE	green alley	0.30	0	17
RV-VSMPE-26	Boyer	VSMPE	green alley	0.50	0	25
RV-VSMPE-28	Drolet	VSMPE	green alley	0.11		30
RV-VSMPE-29	de Lorimier	VSMPE	green alley	0.40	1	26
RV-VSMPE-3	de l'Epée	VSMPE	green alley	0.32	1	16
RV-VSMPE-30	St Andre	VSMPE	green alley	0.04	0	13
RV-VSMPE-31	de Chateaubriand	VSMPE	green alley	0.04	0	10
RV-VSMPE-32	de Normanville	VSMPE	green alley	0.13	0	25
RV-VSMPE-33	Drolet	VSMPE	green alley	0.10		24
RV-VSMPE-34	Casgrain	VSMPE	green alley	0.06		26
RV-VSMPE-36	de Gaspé	VSMPE	green alley	0.19	0	25
RV-VSMPE-37	Casgrain	VSMPE	green alley	0.35		7
RV-VSMPE-38	Chabot	VSMPE	green alley	0.35		25
RV-VSMPE-39	Henri-Julien	VSMPE	green alley	0.31	0	21
RV-VSMPE-4	Stuart	VSMPE	green alley	0.35		34
RV-VSMPE-40	des Belges	VSMPE	green alley	0.12	0	25
RV-VSMPE-6	de l'Epée	VSMPE	green alley	0.10	1	33
RV-VSMPE-7	d'Outremont	VSMPE	green alley	0.18		29
RV-VSMPE-8	Durocher	VSMPE	green alley	0.10	0	32
RV-VSMPE-9	Bloomfield	VSMPE	green alley	0.06	1	35
SS-VSMPE-1	de l'Epée	VSMPE	street segment	0.70		24
SS-VSMPE-10	Durocher	VSMPE	street segment	0.19	0	23
SS-VSMPE-11	2e	VSMPE	street segment	0.42		20
SS-VSMPE-12	Louis-Hébert	VSMPE	street segment	0.59		20
SS-VSMPE-13	13e	VSMPE	street segment	0.16	0	14
SS-VSMPE-14	1re	VSMPE	street segment	0.62		6
SS-VSMPE-15	6e	VSMPE	street segment	0.49		26
SS-VSMPE-16	9e	VSMPE	street segment	0.10	0	27
SS-VSMPE-18	47e	VSMPE	street segment	0.34		17
SS-VSMPE-19	Bressani	VSMPE	street segment	0.39		33
SS-VSMPE-2	Durocher	VSMPE	street segment	0.16	0	26
SS-VSMPE-20	48e	VSMPE	street segment	0.01	1	9
SS-VSMPE-22	des Belges	VSMPE	street segment	0.66	0	18
SS-VSMPE-23	Drolet	VSMPE	street segment	0.58	0	25
SS-VSMPE-24	Papineau	VSMPE	street segment	0.53		26
SS-VSMPE-25	St Andre	VSMPE	street segment	0.48	0	18
SS-VSMPE-26	Boyer	VSMPE	street segment	0.59	0	21
SS-VSMPE-27	Saint Dominique	VSMPE	street segment	0.36		23
SS-VSMPE-28	Drolet	VSMPE	street segment	0.55		27
SS-VSMPE-29	de Lorimier	VSMPE	street segment	0.22	0	20
SS-VSMPE-3	de l'Epée	VSMPE	street segment	0.30	0	14
SS-VSMPE-30	St Andre	VSMPE	street segment	0.63	1	18
SS-VSMPE-31	de Chateaubriand	VSMPE	street segment	0.62	0	7
SS-VSMPE-32	de Normanville	VSMPE	street segment	0.86	0	16
SS-VSMPE-33	Drolet	VSMPE	street segment	0.57		22
SS-VSMPE-34	Casgrain	VSMPE	street segment	0.63		25
SS-VSMPE-35	de Gaspé	VSMPE	street segment	0.43	1	8
SS-VSMPE-36	de Gaspé	VSMPE	street segment	0.74	0	25
SS-VSMPE-37	Casgrain	VSMPE	street segment	0.66		7
SS-VSMPE-38	Chabot	VSMPE	street segment	0.56		26
SS-VSMPE-39	Henri-Julien	VSMPE	street segment	0.51	0	21
SS-VSMPE-4	Stuart	VSMPE	street segment	0.31		31
SS-VSMPE-40	des Belges	VSMPE	street segment	0.55	0	22
SS-VSMPE-5	Hutchison	VSMPE	street segment	0.19		31
SS-VSMPE-6	de l'Epée	VSMPE	street segment	0.31	0	30
SS-VSMPE-7	d'Outremont	VSMPE	street segment	0.03		26
SS-VSMPE-8	Durocher	VSMPE	street segment	0.19	0	31
SS-VSMPE-9	Bloomfield	VSMPE	street segment	0.33	0	28
CON-TR-1	Saint-Louis	TR	grey alley	0.06		7
CON-TR-11	Ste Angèle	TR	grey alley	0.10		9
CON-TR-12	Williams	TR	grey alley	0.16		8
CON-TR-13	Amherst	TR	grey alley	0.18		4
CON-TR-2	Saint-Louis	TR	grey alley	0.30		7
CON-TR-3	Dumoulin	TR	grey alley	0.15		26
CON-TR-4	Gingras	TR	grey alley	0.85		10
CON-TR-5	Cloutier	TR	grey alley	0.11		16
CON-TR-6	Jutras	TR	grey alley	0.08		14
CON-TR-7	Jutras	TR	grey alley	0.17		14
CON-TR-8	Honoré Mercier	TR	grey alley	0.16		13
CON-TR-9	Montcalm	TR	grey alley	0.13		12
CON-VSMPE-10	Henri-Julien	VSMPE	grey alley	0.26	1	25
CON-VSMPE-4	51e	VSMPE	grey alley	0.22	0	9
CON-VSMPE-8	Chambord	VSMPE	grey alley	0.07	0	15
RV-TR-1	Avenue 4	TR	green alley	0.50		18
RV-TR-11	Gingras	TR	green alley	0.04		6
RV-TR-12	Williams	TR	green alley	0.13		11
RV-TR-13	Wolfe	TR	green alley	0.11		9
RV-TR-2	Avenue 5	TR	green alley	0.29		18
RV-TR-3	Amherst	TR	green alley	0.04		6
RV-TR-4	Honoré Mercier	TR	green alley	0.21		10
RV-TR-5	Brébeuf	TR	green alley	0.24		17
RV-TR-6	Godbout	TR	green alley	0.06		11
RV-TR-7	Godbout	TR	green alley	0.15		12
RV-TR-8	Mgr Cooke	TR	green alley	0.03		16
RV-TR-9	Ste Cécile	TR	green alley	0.05		10
RV-VSMPE-1	de l'Epée	VSMPE	green alley	0.21		32
RV-VSMPE-27	Saint Dominique	VSMPE	green alley	0.43		15
RV-VSMPE-35	de Gaspé	VSMPE	green alley	0.17	1	7
RV-VSMPE-5	Hutchison	VSMPE	green alley	0.22		41
CON-SS-TR-1	Saint-Louis	TR	street segment	0.46		7
CON-SS-TR-11	Ste Angèle	TR	street segment	0.10		9
CON-SS-TR-12	Williams	TR	street segment	0.03		9
CON-SS-TR-13	Amherst	TR	street segment	0.01		8
CON-SS-TR-2	Saint-Louis	TR	street segment	0.29		6
CON-SS-TR-3	Dumoulin	TR	street segment	0.10		17
CON-SS-TR-4	Gingras	TR	street segment	0.00		11
CON-SS-TR-5	Cloutier	TR	street segment	0.00		12
CON-SS-TR-6	Jutras	TR	street segment	0.03		14
CON-SS-TR-7	Jutras	TR	street segment	0.00		18
CON-SS-TR-8	Honoré Mercier	TR	street segment	0.08		12
CON-SS-TR-9	Montcalm	TR	street segment	0.00		15
CON-SS-VSMPE-10	Henri-Julien	VSMPE	street segment	0.50	1	25
RV-SS-TR-1	Avenue 4	TR	green alley	0.42		14
RV-SS-TR-10	St Paul	TR	green alley	0.32		14
RV-SS-TR-12	Williams	TR	green alley	0.00		9
RV-SS-TR-13	Wolfe	TR	green alley	0.20		9
RV-SS-TR-2	Avenue 5	TR	green alley	0.34		14
RV-SS-TR-3	Amherst	TR	green alley	0.63		6
RV-SS-TR-4	Honoré Mercier	TR	green alley	0.00		12
RV-SS-TR-5	Brébeuf	TR	green alley	0.33		16
RV-SS-TR-6	Godbout	TR	green alley	0.06		12
RV-SS-TR-7	Godbout	TR	green alley	0.02		13
RV-SS-TR-8	Mgr Cooke	TR	green alley	0.46		12
RV-SS-TR-9	Ste Cécile	TR	green alley	0.00		11
SS-VSMPE-17	2e	VSMPE	street segment	0.01		24
SS-VSMPE-21	44e	VSMPE	street segment	0.00	0	9

Table S2. Tree species characteristics for species found in this study. Species represents binomial nomenclature for the species, max height represents the maximum height (in metres) for the species, flowers indicate if the species has showy or non-showy flowers when in bloom, native is a binomial category that indicates if the species is native to the St Lawrence Lowlands ecoregion (1 = yes, 0 = no), invasive is a binomial category that indicates if the species is invasive to the region (1 = yes, 0 = no), functional group represents the functional group assigned by Paquette et al. for that species (Paquette et al., 2021, Praise for diversity: A functional approach to reduce risks in urban forests). Blank cells indicate that we could not find the information for that species.

Species	Max Height (m)	Flowers	Native_SLL	Invasive	Functional Group
Abies concolor	15.2	not showy	0	0	1A
Acer freemanii	15.0	not showy	1	0	2A
Acer miyabei	13.5	not showy	0	0	2A
Acer negundo	12.0	not showy	0	0	2C
Acer nigrum	22.9	not showy	0	0	2C
Acer platanoides	13.5	not showy	0	1	2C
Acer platanoides 'Columnare'	18.2	not showy	0	1	2C
Acer rubrum	15.0	showy	1	0	2A
Acer saccharinum	18.0	not showy	1	0	2A
Acer saccharum	20.5	not showy	1	0	2A
Acer tataricum	5.5	not showy	0	0
Aesculus glabra	9.0	showy	0	0	3
Aesculus hippocastanum	19.0	showy	0	0	3
Amelanchier arborea	6.5	showy	1	0	2A
Catalpa speciosa	15.0	showy	0	0	4A
Celtis occidentalis	15.0	not showy	1	0	2C
Cercidiphyllum japonicum	15.0	not showy	0	0	4B
Dead sp.
Fagus grandifolia	18.0	not showy	1	0	2A
Fraxinus americana	19.5	not showy	1	0	2A
Fraxinus pennsylvanica	16.5	not showy	1	0	2A
Ginkgo biloba	19.5	not showy	0	0	1A
Gleditsia triacanthos	15.0	not showy	0	0	2A
Gymnocladus dioicus	20.5	not showy	0	0	3
Juglans cinerea	15.0	not showy	1	0	2C
Larix decidua	22.0	not showy	0	0	1B
Larix sp.	22.0	not showy	0	0	1B
Lonicera sp.	3.4	showy	0	0
Maackia amurensis	7.5	showy	0	0	2A
Magnolia sp.	7.6	showy	0	0	2C
Malus baccata	8.5	showy	0	0	2
Morus alba	12.0	not showy	0	1	4A
Ostrya virginiana	10.0	showy	1	0	2A
Phellodendron amurense	11.5	not showy	0	1	2C
Picea abies	15.0	not showy	0	0	1B
Picea glauca	15.0	not showy	1	0	1B
Picea pungens	13.5	not showy	0	0	1B
Pinus resinosa	19.5	not showy	1	0	1B
Pinus strobus	19.5	not showy	1	0	1B
Populus canadensis	40.0	not showy	0	0	4A
Populus deltoides	26.5	not showy	1	0	4A
Populus grandidentata	21.3	not showy	1	0	4B
Prunus cerasus	9.0	showy	0	0	3
Prunus pensylvanica	10.7	showy	1	0	4A
Prunus virginiana	8.5	showy	1	0	4A
Pyrus domestica	8.3	showy	0	0	2B
Quercus alba	19.5	not showy	1	0	3
Quercus bicolor	16.5	not showy	1	0	3
Quercus macrocarpa	22.5	not showy	1	0	3
Quercus robur 'Fastiagata'	16.8	not showy	0	0	3
Quercus rubra	20.5	not showy	1	0	3
Rhamnus catharticus	6.5	not showy	0	1
Rhus typhina	6.5	not showy	1	0
Robinia pseudoacacia	12.0	showy	0	1	2A
Rosa woodsii	2.0	showy	0	0
Salix discolor	2.9	showy	1	0
Saraca indica	10.0	showy	0	0
Sorbus alnifolia	15.2	showy	0	0	2B
Sorbus aucuparia	9.0	showy	0	0	2A
Syringa reticulata	7.5	showy	0	0	4A
Syringa vulgaris	3.5	showy	0	0
Thuja occidentalis	15.0	not showy	1	0	1B
Tilia americana	21.0	showy	1	0	2C
Tilia cordata	19.5	showy	0	0	2C
Ulmus	24.1	not showy
Ulmus 'Homestead'	18.2	not showy	0	0
Ulmus 'Morton Glossy'	18.0	not showy	0	0
Ulmus 'New Horizon'	18.0	not showy	0	0
Ulmus americana	21.0	not showy	1	0	2A
Ulmus crassifolia	21.3	not showy	0	0
Ulmus davidiana 'Discovery'	24.3	not showy	0	0	4A
Ulmus davidiana 'Prospector'	24.3	not showy	0	0	4A
Ulmus frontier	12.2	not showy	0	0
Ulmus hollandica	18.2	not showy	0	0
Ulmus parvifolia	13.7	not showy	0	0	2A
Ulmus pumila	18.0	not showy	0	1	4A
Unknown sp.

Table S3. Interview data

Figures

Figure S1a. DAGs that indicate the system assumptions for ecological benefits measured in this study. Blue indicates the response variable of interest, green indicates the variable of interest and all variables adjusted for.

Figure S1b. DAGs that indicate the system assumptions for ecosystem services measured in this study. Blue indicates the response variable of interest, green indicates the variable of interest and all variables adjusted for.

Figure S2. Mathstats notation for my models

Prior Predictive Checks

Prior predictive checks are used to ensure that the values selected for priors for our models allow a biologically reasonable range of values. For numeric predictor variables, we simulate predictive draws for prior only models and visualize the slope/intercept of the values. We then do a “posterior predictive check” but with the prior only model, to see if the data is captured in the priors. Note that all data is scaled and centered in these data.

For Trois-Rivieres, there is only a categorical predictor variable. Therefore, only the posterior predictive check is presented.

Villeray-Saint Michel-Parc Extension

Trois-Rivieres

Model Diagnostics

These model diagnostic plots assess whether the chains of our models are converged and well mixed, and if the model is well specified and has an adequate fit.

The first plot of the series shows trace plots for each of our parameters, where we want to see stationary and well-mixed chains. The second plot shows an autocorrelation plot by chain and parameter. We want our autocorrelation to quickly drop to zero with increasing lag. Thirdly, the Rhat plot monitors whether a chain has converged to the equilibrium distribution, if all chains are at equilibrium Rhat will be one. If chains have not converged, Rhat will be greater than 1. The fourth plot is the ratio between effective sample size (Neff) and total sample size (N).Because the draws within a Markov chain are not independent if there is autocorrelation, the effective sample size, neff, is usually smaller than the total sample size, N. The larger the ratio, the better. Finally, we have the posterior predictive check where we want the black line to be within/close to the blue lines, to indicate that our model is adequately generative.

Villeray-Saint Michel-Parc Extension

Trois-Rivieres