Authors: Isabella C. Richmond1*, Kayleigh Hutt-Taylor1,2, Lauren Bianco1, Antonia Vieira Zanella3, François Bérubé4, Paola Faddoul4, Kelly Vu4, Étienne Perreault-Mandeville5, Patrick Boivin6, Danielle Dagenais6, Nathalie Boucher5, Thi Thanh Hiên Pham4, Carly D. Ziter1
1 Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal Canada, H4B 1R6
2 Tree Canada
3 Department of Geography, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná Brazil,
4 Département d’études urbaines et touristiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal Canada,
5 Organisme Respire
6 École d’urbanisme et d’architecture de paysage, Université de Montréal, Montreal Canada
* isabella.richmond@mail.concordia.ca
Table S1. Site characteristics. Infrastructure ID is the unique ID assigned to each individual site, where CON indicates a grey alley, RV indicates a green alley, and SS indicates a street segment. Parallel street names one of the parallel streets to each alley, and for street segments it indicates the street segment that was sampled for each alley. City is where the sampling occurred, VSMPE = Villeray-Saint Michel-Parc Extension and TR = Trois-Rivières. Infrastructure type indicates the site type, with three potential options, green alley, grey alley, and street segment. Percent canopy indicates the percent canopy of the site in decimal form. Firefly presence is a binomial variable, where 1 indicates that fireflies were found, 0 indicates no fireflies were found, and a blank indicates that the site was not sampled for fireflies. Number of points is the number of points where vegetative complexity was sampled (i.e., number of 10 m intervals).
Infrastructure ID | Parallel Street | City | Infrastructure Type | Percent Canopy | Firefly Presence | Number of Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON-SS-TR-10 | Ste Angèle | TR | street segment | 0.39 | 17 | |
CON-SS-VSMPE-1 | d'Outremont | VSMPE | street segment | 0.06 | 0 | 15 |
CON-SS-VSMPE-2 | d'Outremont | VSMPE | street segment | 0.35 | 31 | |
CON-SS-VSMPE-3 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | street segment | 0.53 | 25 | |
CON-SS-VSMPE-4 | 51e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.12 | 0 | 9 |
CON-SS-VSMPE-5 | 9e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.41 | 52 | |
CON-SS-VSMPE-6 | 2e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.61 | 21 | |
CON-SS-VSMPE-7 | Casgrain | VSMPE | street segment | 0.54 | 0 | 17 |
CON-SS-VSMPE-8 | Chambord | VSMPE | street segment | 0.65 | 1 | 15 |
CON-SS-VSMPE-9 | de Chateaubriand | VSMPE | street segment | 0.61 | 17 | |
CON-TR-10 | Ste Angèle | TR | grey alley | 0.12 | 21 | |
CON-VSMPE-1 | d'Outremont | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.10 | 0 | 20 |
CON-VSMPE-2 | d'Outremont | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.39 | 37 | |
CON-VSMPE-3 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.38 | 26 | |
CON-VSMPE-5 | 9e | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.08 | 47 | |
CON-VSMPE-6 | 2e | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.60 | 24 | |
CON-VSMPE-7 | Casgrain | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.90 | 0 | 21 |
CON-VSMPE-9 | de Chateaubriand | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.54 | 17 | |
RV-SS-TR-11 | Gingras | TR | green alley | 0.37 | 6 | |
RV-TR-10 | St Paul | TR | green alley | 0.13 | 21 | |
RV-VSMPE-10 | Durocher | VSMPE | green alley | 0.25 | 0 | 28 |
RV-VSMPE-11 | 2e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.07 | 24 | |
RV-VSMPE-12 | Louis-Hébert | VSMPE | green alley | 0.19 | 28 | |
RV-VSMPE-13 | 13e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.21 | 0 | 23 |
RV-VSMPE-14 | 1re | VSMPE | green alley | 0.17 | 6 | |
RV-VSMPE-15 | 6e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.21 | 25 | |
RV-VSMPE-16 | 9e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.31 | 0 | 27 |
RV-VSMPE-17 | 2e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.15 | 26 | |
RV-VSMPE-18 | 47e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.38 | 9 | |
RV-VSMPE-19 | Bressani | VSMPE | green alley | 0.31 | 35 | |
RV-VSMPE-2 | Durocher | VSMPE | green alley | 0.04 | 1 | 26 |
RV-VSMPE-20 | 48e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.11 | 0 | 9 |
RV-VSMPE-21 | 44e | VSMPE | green alley | 0.30 | 0 | 11 |
RV-VSMPE-22 | des Belges | VSMPE | green alley | 0.40 | 0 | 18 |
RV-VSMPE-23 | Drolet | VSMPE | green alley | 0.24 | 0 | 25 |
RV-VSMPE-24 | Papineau | VSMPE | green alley | 0.24 | 31 | |
RV-VSMPE-25 | St Andre | VSMPE | green alley | 0.30 | 0 | 17 |
RV-VSMPE-26 | Boyer | VSMPE | green alley | 0.50 | 0 | 25 |
RV-VSMPE-28 | Drolet | VSMPE | green alley | 0.11 | 30 | |
RV-VSMPE-29 | de Lorimier | VSMPE | green alley | 0.40 | 1 | 26 |
RV-VSMPE-3 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | green alley | 0.32 | 1 | 16 |
RV-VSMPE-30 | St Andre | VSMPE | green alley | 0.04 | 0 | 13 |
RV-VSMPE-31 | de Chateaubriand | VSMPE | green alley | 0.04 | 0 | 10 |
RV-VSMPE-32 | de Normanville | VSMPE | green alley | 0.13 | 0 | 25 |
RV-VSMPE-33 | Drolet | VSMPE | green alley | 0.10 | 24 | |
RV-VSMPE-34 | Casgrain | VSMPE | green alley | 0.06 | 26 | |
RV-VSMPE-36 | de Gaspé | VSMPE | green alley | 0.19 | 0 | 25 |
RV-VSMPE-37 | Casgrain | VSMPE | green alley | 0.35 | 7 | |
RV-VSMPE-38 | Chabot | VSMPE | green alley | 0.35 | 25 | |
RV-VSMPE-39 | Henri-Julien | VSMPE | green alley | 0.31 | 0 | 21 |
RV-VSMPE-4 | Stuart | VSMPE | green alley | 0.35 | 34 | |
RV-VSMPE-40 | des Belges | VSMPE | green alley | 0.12 | 0 | 25 |
RV-VSMPE-6 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | green alley | 0.10 | 1 | 33 |
RV-VSMPE-7 | d'Outremont | VSMPE | green alley | 0.18 | 29 | |
RV-VSMPE-8 | Durocher | VSMPE | green alley | 0.10 | 0 | 32 |
RV-VSMPE-9 | Bloomfield | VSMPE | green alley | 0.06 | 1 | 35 |
SS-VSMPE-1 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | street segment | 0.70 | 24 | |
SS-VSMPE-10 | Durocher | VSMPE | street segment | 0.19 | 0 | 23 |
SS-VSMPE-11 | 2e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.42 | 20 | |
SS-VSMPE-12 | Louis-Hébert | VSMPE | street segment | 0.59 | 20 | |
SS-VSMPE-13 | 13e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.16 | 0 | 14 |
SS-VSMPE-14 | 1re | VSMPE | street segment | 0.62 | 6 | |
SS-VSMPE-15 | 6e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.49 | 26 | |
SS-VSMPE-16 | 9e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.10 | 0 | 27 |
SS-VSMPE-18 | 47e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.34 | 17 | |
SS-VSMPE-19 | Bressani | VSMPE | street segment | 0.39 | 33 | |
SS-VSMPE-2 | Durocher | VSMPE | street segment | 0.16 | 0 | 26 |
SS-VSMPE-20 | 48e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.01 | 1 | 9 |
SS-VSMPE-22 | des Belges | VSMPE | street segment | 0.66 | 0 | 18 |
SS-VSMPE-23 | Drolet | VSMPE | street segment | 0.58 | 0 | 25 |
SS-VSMPE-24 | Papineau | VSMPE | street segment | 0.53 | 26 | |
SS-VSMPE-25 | St Andre | VSMPE | street segment | 0.48 | 0 | 18 |
SS-VSMPE-26 | Boyer | VSMPE | street segment | 0.59 | 0 | 21 |
SS-VSMPE-27 | Saint Dominique | VSMPE | street segment | 0.36 | 23 | |
SS-VSMPE-28 | Drolet | VSMPE | street segment | 0.55 | 27 | |
SS-VSMPE-29 | de Lorimier | VSMPE | street segment | 0.22 | 0 | 20 |
SS-VSMPE-3 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | street segment | 0.30 | 0 | 14 |
SS-VSMPE-30 | St Andre | VSMPE | street segment | 0.63 | 1 | 18 |
SS-VSMPE-31 | de Chateaubriand | VSMPE | street segment | 0.62 | 0 | 7 |
SS-VSMPE-32 | de Normanville | VSMPE | street segment | 0.86 | 0 | 16 |
SS-VSMPE-33 | Drolet | VSMPE | street segment | 0.57 | 22 | |
SS-VSMPE-34 | Casgrain | VSMPE | street segment | 0.63 | 25 | |
SS-VSMPE-35 | de Gaspé | VSMPE | street segment | 0.43 | 1 | 8 |
SS-VSMPE-36 | de Gaspé | VSMPE | street segment | 0.74 | 0 | 25 |
SS-VSMPE-37 | Casgrain | VSMPE | street segment | 0.66 | 7 | |
SS-VSMPE-38 | Chabot | VSMPE | street segment | 0.56 | 26 | |
SS-VSMPE-39 | Henri-Julien | VSMPE | street segment | 0.51 | 0 | 21 |
SS-VSMPE-4 | Stuart | VSMPE | street segment | 0.31 | 31 | |
SS-VSMPE-40 | des Belges | VSMPE | street segment | 0.55 | 0 | 22 |
SS-VSMPE-5 | Hutchison | VSMPE | street segment | 0.19 | 31 | |
SS-VSMPE-6 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | street segment | 0.31 | 0 | 30 |
SS-VSMPE-7 | d'Outremont | VSMPE | street segment | 0.03 | 26 | |
SS-VSMPE-8 | Durocher | VSMPE | street segment | 0.19 | 0 | 31 |
SS-VSMPE-9 | Bloomfield | VSMPE | street segment | 0.33 | 0 | 28 |
CON-TR-1 | Saint-Louis | TR | grey alley | 0.06 | 7 | |
CON-TR-11 | Ste Angèle | TR | grey alley | 0.10 | 9 | |
CON-TR-12 | Williams | TR | grey alley | 0.16 | 8 | |
CON-TR-13 | Amherst | TR | grey alley | 0.18 | 4 | |
CON-TR-2 | Saint-Louis | TR | grey alley | 0.30 | 7 | |
CON-TR-3 | Dumoulin | TR | grey alley | 0.15 | 26 | |
CON-TR-4 | Gingras | TR | grey alley | 0.85 | 10 | |
CON-TR-5 | Cloutier | TR | grey alley | 0.11 | 16 | |
CON-TR-6 | Jutras | TR | grey alley | 0.08 | 14 | |
CON-TR-7 | Jutras | TR | grey alley | 0.17 | 14 | |
CON-TR-8 | Honoré Mercier | TR | grey alley | 0.16 | 13 | |
CON-TR-9 | Montcalm | TR | grey alley | 0.13 | 12 | |
CON-VSMPE-10 | Henri-Julien | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.26 | 1 | 25 |
CON-VSMPE-4 | 51e | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.22 | 0 | 9 |
CON-VSMPE-8 | Chambord | VSMPE | grey alley | 0.07 | 0 | 15 |
RV-TR-1 | Avenue 4 | TR | green alley | 0.50 | 18 | |
RV-TR-11 | Gingras | TR | green alley | 0.04 | 6 | |
RV-TR-12 | Williams | TR | green alley | 0.13 | 11 | |
RV-TR-13 | Wolfe | TR | green alley | 0.11 | 9 | |
RV-TR-2 | Avenue 5 | TR | green alley | 0.29 | 18 | |
RV-TR-3 | Amherst | TR | green alley | 0.04 | 6 | |
RV-TR-4 | Honoré Mercier | TR | green alley | 0.21 | 10 | |
RV-TR-5 | Brébeuf | TR | green alley | 0.24 | 17 | |
RV-TR-6 | Godbout | TR | green alley | 0.06 | 11 | |
RV-TR-7 | Godbout | TR | green alley | 0.15 | 12 | |
RV-TR-8 | Mgr Cooke | TR | green alley | 0.03 | 16 | |
RV-TR-9 | Ste Cécile | TR | green alley | 0.05 | 10 | |
RV-VSMPE-1 | de l'Epée | VSMPE | green alley | 0.21 | 32 | |
RV-VSMPE-27 | Saint Dominique | VSMPE | green alley | 0.43 | 15 | |
RV-VSMPE-35 | de Gaspé | VSMPE | green alley | 0.17 | 1 | 7 |
RV-VSMPE-5 | Hutchison | VSMPE | green alley | 0.22 | 41 | |
CON-SS-TR-1 | Saint-Louis | TR | street segment | 0.46 | 7 | |
CON-SS-TR-11 | Ste Angèle | TR | street segment | 0.10 | 9 | |
CON-SS-TR-12 | Williams | TR | street segment | 0.03 | 9 | |
CON-SS-TR-13 | Amherst | TR | street segment | 0.01 | 8 | |
CON-SS-TR-2 | Saint-Louis | TR | street segment | 0.29 | 6 | |
CON-SS-TR-3 | Dumoulin | TR | street segment | 0.10 | 17 | |
CON-SS-TR-4 | Gingras | TR | street segment | 0.00 | 11 | |
CON-SS-TR-5 | Cloutier | TR | street segment | 0.00 | 12 | |
CON-SS-TR-6 | Jutras | TR | street segment | 0.03 | 14 | |
CON-SS-TR-7 | Jutras | TR | street segment | 0.00 | 18 | |
CON-SS-TR-8 | Honoré Mercier | TR | street segment | 0.08 | 12 | |
CON-SS-TR-9 | Montcalm | TR | street segment | 0.00 | 15 | |
CON-SS-VSMPE-10 | Henri-Julien | VSMPE | street segment | 0.50 | 1 | 25 |
RV-SS-TR-1 | Avenue 4 | TR | green alley | 0.42 | 14 | |
RV-SS-TR-10 | St Paul | TR | green alley | 0.32 | 14 | |
RV-SS-TR-12 | Williams | TR | green alley | 0.00 | 9 | |
RV-SS-TR-13 | Wolfe | TR | green alley | 0.20 | 9 | |
RV-SS-TR-2 | Avenue 5 | TR | green alley | 0.34 | 14 | |
RV-SS-TR-3 | Amherst | TR | green alley | 0.63 | 6 | |
RV-SS-TR-4 | Honoré Mercier | TR | green alley | 0.00 | 12 | |
RV-SS-TR-5 | Brébeuf | TR | green alley | 0.33 | 16 | |
RV-SS-TR-6 | Godbout | TR | green alley | 0.06 | 12 | |
RV-SS-TR-7 | Godbout | TR | green alley | 0.02 | 13 | |
RV-SS-TR-8 | Mgr Cooke | TR | green alley | 0.46 | 12 | |
RV-SS-TR-9 | Ste Cécile | TR | green alley | 0.00 | 11 | |
SS-VSMPE-17 | 2e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.01 | 24 | |
SS-VSMPE-21 | 44e | VSMPE | street segment | 0.00 | 0 | 9 |
Table S2. Tree species characteristics for species found in this study. Species represents binomial nomenclature for the species, max height represents the maximum height (in metres) for the species, flowers indicate if the species has showy or non-showy flowers when in bloom, native is a binomial category that indicates if the species is native to the St Lawrence Lowlands ecoregion (1 = yes, 0 = no), invasive is a binomial category that indicates if the species is invasive to the region (1 = yes, 0 = no), functional group represents the functional group assigned by Paquette et al. for that species (Paquette et al., 2021, Praise for diversity: A functional approach to reduce risks in urban forests). Blank cells indicate that we could not find the information for that species.
Species | Max Height (m) | Flowers | Native_SLL | Invasive | Functional Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abies concolor | 15.2 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 1A |
Acer freemanii | 15.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Acer miyabei | 13.5 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 2A |
Acer negundo | 12.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 2C |
Acer nigrum | 22.9 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 2C |
Acer platanoides | 13.5 | not showy | 0 | 1 | 2C |
Acer platanoides 'Columnare' | 18.2 | not showy | 0 | 1 | 2C |
Acer rubrum | 15.0 | showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Acer saccharinum | 18.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Acer saccharum | 20.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Acer tataricum | 5.5 | not showy | 0 | 0 | |
Aesculus glabra | 9.0 | showy | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Aesculus hippocastanum | 19.0 | showy | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Amelanchier arborea | 6.5 | showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Catalpa speciosa | 15.0 | showy | 0 | 0 | 4A |
Celtis occidentalis | 15.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2C |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum | 15.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 4B |
Dead sp. | |||||
Fagus grandifolia | 18.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Fraxinus americana | 19.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Fraxinus pennsylvanica | 16.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Ginkgo biloba | 19.5 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 1A |
Gleditsia triacanthos | 15.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 2A |
Gymnocladus dioicus | 20.5 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Juglans cinerea | 15.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2C |
Larix decidua | 22.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 1B |
Larix sp. | 22.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 1B |
Lonicera sp. | 3.4 | showy | 0 | 0 | |
Maackia amurensis | 7.5 | showy | 0 | 0 | 2A |
Magnolia sp. | 7.6 | showy | 0 | 0 | 2C |
Malus baccata | 8.5 | showy | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Morus alba | 12.0 | not showy | 0 | 1 | 4A |
Ostrya virginiana | 10.0 | showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Phellodendron amurense | 11.5 | not showy | 0 | 1 | 2C |
Picea abies | 15.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 1B |
Picea glauca | 15.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 1B |
Picea pungens | 13.5 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 1B |
Pinus resinosa | 19.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 1B |
Pinus strobus | 19.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 1B |
Populus canadensis | 40.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 4A |
Populus deltoides | 26.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 4A |
Populus grandidentata | 21.3 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 4B |
Prunus cerasus | 9.0 | showy | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Prunus pensylvanica | 10.7 | showy | 1 | 0 | 4A |
Prunus virginiana | 8.5 | showy | 1 | 0 | 4A |
Pyrus domestica | 8.3 | showy | 0 | 0 | 2B |
Quercus alba | 19.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Quercus bicolor | 16.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Quercus macrocarpa | 22.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Quercus robur 'Fastiagata' | 16.8 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Quercus rubra | 20.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Rhamnus catharticus | 6.5 | not showy | 0 | 1 | |
Rhus typhina | 6.5 | not showy | 1 | 0 | |
Robinia pseudoacacia | 12.0 | showy | 0 | 1 | 2A |
Rosa woodsii | 2.0 | showy | 0 | 0 | |
Salix discolor | 2.9 | showy | 1 | 0 | |
Saraca indica | 10.0 | showy | 0 | 0 | |
Sorbus alnifolia | 15.2 | showy | 0 | 0 | 2B |
Sorbus aucuparia | 9.0 | showy | 0 | 0 | 2A |
Syringa reticulata | 7.5 | showy | 0 | 0 | 4A |
Syringa vulgaris | 3.5 | showy | 0 | 0 | |
Thuja occidentalis | 15.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 1B |
Tilia americana | 21.0 | showy | 1 | 0 | 2C |
Tilia cordata | 19.5 | showy | 0 | 0 | 2C |
Ulmus | 24.1 | not showy | |||
Ulmus 'Homestead' | 18.2 | not showy | 0 | 0 | |
Ulmus 'Morton Glossy' | 18.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | |
Ulmus 'New Horizon' | 18.0 | not showy | 0 | 0 | |
Ulmus americana | 21.0 | not showy | 1 | 0 | 2A |
Ulmus crassifolia | 21.3 | not showy | 0 | 0 | |
Ulmus davidiana 'Discovery' | 24.3 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 4A |
Ulmus davidiana 'Prospector' | 24.3 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 4A |
Ulmus frontier | 12.2 | not showy | 0 | 0 | |
Ulmus hollandica | 18.2 | not showy | 0 | 0 | |
Ulmus parvifolia | 13.7 | not showy | 0 | 0 | 2A |
Ulmus pumila | 18.0 | not showy | 0 | 1 | 4A |
Unknown sp. |
Table S3. Interview data
Figure S1a. DAGs that indicate the
system assumptions for ecological benefits measured in this study. Blue
indicates the response variable of interest, green indicates the
variable of interest and all variables adjusted for.
Figure S1b. DAGs that indicate the
system assumptions for ecosystem services measured in this study. Blue
indicates the response variable of interest, green indicates the
variable of interest and all variables adjusted for.
Figure S2. Mathstats notation for my models
Prior predictive checks are used to ensure that the values selected for priors for our models allow a biologically reasonable range of values. For numeric predictor variables, we simulate predictive draws for prior only models and visualize the slope/intercept of the values. We then do a “posterior predictive check” but with the prior only model, to see if the data is captured in the priors. Note that all data is scaled and centered in these data.
For Trois-Rivieres, there is only a categorical predictor variable. Therefore, only the posterior predictive check is presented.
These model diagnostic plots assess whether the chains of our models are converged and well mixed, and if the model is well specified and has an adequate fit.
The first plot of the series shows trace plots for each of our parameters, where we want to see stationary and well-mixed chains. The second plot shows an autocorrelation plot by chain and parameter. We want our autocorrelation to quickly drop to zero with increasing lag. Thirdly, the Rhat plot monitors whether a chain has converged to the equilibrium distribution, if all chains are at equilibrium Rhat will be one. If chains have not converged, Rhat will be greater than 1. The fourth plot is the ratio between effective sample size (Neff) and total sample size (N).Because the draws within a Markov chain are not independent if there is autocorrelation, the effective sample size, neff, is usually smaller than the total sample size, N. The larger the ratio, the better. Finally, we have the posterior predictive check where we want the black line to be within/close to the blue lines, to indicate that our model is adequately generative.